Summary
To raise a child well, immediate practical actions are only one part of parenting. The most critical part focuses on deeper impacts – things that will impact the type of adult the child becomes. In addition, the first three years of a child’s life are the most critical, so these things need to be a focus from the child’s earliest days.
There are six foundational traits every child needs to develop in their earliest years to help them become good adults;
- Emotional security
- Emotional self-confidence and self-management
- Internal locus of control
- Delayed gratification
- Resilience
- Age-appropriate thinking skills
For parents, developing these traits in our children is hard. But the pay-off is unambiguously enormous. Children with these traits are far more likely to grow into happy, health and successful adults.
It’s not easy to raise kids who will become happy, healthy, successful adults. But if you have children, then you owe it to them to do the hard work to raise them well.
Being a parent is hard. Being a good parent is incredibly hard. Being a bad parent is comparatively easy. You always have the easy parenting option – If your measures of success as a parent are incredibly low. Otherwise, it’s important to include the six traits above in the things you focus on when trying to develop your children.
References
The items below have been used as references in the broader piece … which remains under construction.
- Beyond Blue (2021) “Building resilience in children”. https://healthyfamilies.beyondblue.org.au/healthy-homes/building-resilience. Viewed December 2021.
- Greene, Ross (2021) “The CPS Model”, (outline of a children’s psychological treatment model – CPS; “Collaborative & Proactive Solutions”) https://www.cpsconnection.com/the-cps-model. Viewed Dec 2021.
- Harvard University Centre for Child Development (2021), “Resilience”, https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/resilience/. Viewed December 2021.
- Lancet, the (2016) “Advancing Early Childhood Development: from Science to Scale: An Executive Summary for The Lancet’s Series”, published October 2016. DOI URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(16)31389-7. PDF: http://www.thelancet.com/pb-assets/Lancet/stories/series/ecd/Lancet_ECD_Executive_Summary.pdf.
- McCraty, Rollin; Atkinson, Mike; Tomasino, Dana; Goelitz, Jeff; Mayrovitz, Harvey N. (1999) “The impact of an emotional self-management skills course on psychosocial functioning and autonomic recovery to stress in middle school children”, Integrative Physiological and Behavioural Science, Volume 34, pages 246-268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02688693.
- Parenting for Brain (2021) “Emotional Regulation in Children | A Complete Guide”. Viewed Dec 2021. https://www.parentingforbrain.com/self-regulation-toddler-temper-tantrums/.
- VicHealth (2015) “Current theories relating to resilience and young people: a literature review”, Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth), Melbourne, November 2015. https://evidenceforlearning.org.au/assets/Grant-Round-II-Resilience/Current-theories-relating-to-resilience-and-young-people.pdf.
Recommended Books
We’ve found these books to be very useful in understanding the criticality of early child development, and what’s critical in that development.
- Brazelton, T. Berry; Sparrow, Joshua (2006) “Touchpoints – Birth to Three”, Published by Da Capo Press, USA. 26 Sep 2006. ISBN-13: 978-0738210490.
- Useful information for how to guide your kids through the functional struggles of early childhood.
- Diamond, Marion; Hopson, Jane (1999) “Magic trees of the mind – How to Nurture Your Child’s Intelligence, Creativity, and Healthy Emotions from Birth Through Adolescence”. Published by Plume, USA. ISBN 9780452278301. Book URL: https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/330475/magic-trees-of-the-mind-by-marian-diamond/.
- We found this an eye-opening introduction to children’s neurological development, and the impact of the child’s environment on long-term health.
- Fisher, Robert (2005) “Teaching children to think”. Published by Oxford University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0748794416. Book URL: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3354356-teaching-children-to-think. Also see: http://theconversation.com/how-to-teach-all-students-to-think-critically-35331 and https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/memory-medic/201110/teaching-children-think.
- An ability to reason independently and in a structured way (to think well) is extremely important for everyone, throughout their lives. This book is well regarded for showing how you can help your kids develop solid reasoning habits early in their lives, so these solid practices form a foundation for the way they approach the world throughout their lives.
- Gottman, John (1998) “Raising an emotionally intelligent child”. Publisher – Fireside Books, UK. ISBN: 9780684838656. Book URL: https://www.gottman.com/product/raising-an-emotionally-intelligent-child-book/.
- This book was recommended to us by a child psychologist to help us understand further what our children were going through, and the type of environment we needed to provide for them.
- Siegfried Engelmann, Phyllis Haddox, Elaine Bruner (1988) “Teach your child to read in 100 easy lessons”. Published by Touchstone, USA. ISBN-13: 9780671631987. Book URL: https://www.simonandschuster.com.au/books/Teach-Your-Child-to-Read-in-100-Easy-Lessons/Phyllis-Haddox/9780671631987.
- In short, this one worked. It took a fair bit of patient parental one-on-one work with the kids, but they were reading well before their peers, with noticeable results for their development in many areas. It’s by no means a new book, but while the Australian system remains behind, it’s a good approach to use.
Other Source Material
The papers, books and articles listed below provide further information on the topics raised above. They haven’t been directly referenced in this edition of this article, but they’ve been useful in building the understanding to create this article.
- Clarke‐Stewart, K. Alison; Malloy, Lindsay C.; Allhusen, Virginia D. (2004) “Verbal ability, self‐control, and close relationships with parents protect children against misleading suggestions”, Applied Cognitive Psychology. Volume18, Issue 8. Special Issue: Individual and Developmental Differences in Suggestibility, December 2004, Pages 1037-1058. DOI https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1076.
- Delahooke, Mona (2017) “Why It’s a Mistake to Prioritize Behaviour Goals Over Social-Emotional Development”, https://monadelahooke.com/mistake-prioritize-behavior-goals-social-emotional-development/. Viewed June 2021.
- Hall, Janet (2003) “How you can be the boss of bedtime”, ISBN-13:9780958577007. Book URL: https://drjanethall.com/product/how-you-can-be-boss-of-bedtime-book/.
- Hill, Russ (2011) “The Locus of Control Construct’s Various Means of Measurement: A researcher’s guide to some of the more commonly used Locus of Control scales”, ISBN 978-0-9833464-3-2, Will to Power Press, Beach Haven, NJ, USA.
- Lancet, the (2016) “Advancing Early Childhood Development: from Science to Scale: An Executive Summary for The Lancet’s Series”, published October 2016. DOI URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(16)31389-7. PDF URL: http://www.thelancet.com/pb-assets/Lancet/stories/series/ecd/Lancet_ECD_Executive_Summary.pdf.
- Lester, Stuart; Russell, Wendy (2010) “Children’s Right to Play: An Examination of the Importance of Play in the Lives of Children Worldwide”, Bernard Van Leer Foundation (Netherlands), ERIC Institute of Education Sciences, Working Papers in Early Childhood Development, No. 57, ISBN: ISBN-978-9-0619-5121-6. URL: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED522537. PDF URL: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED522537.pdf.
- Nowicki, S., & Strickland, B. R. (1973). “A locus of control scale for children”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40(1), 148–154. DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033978.
- Rotter, Julian B. (1990) “Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A case history of a variable.” American Psychologist, 45(4), 489–493. DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.4.489.
- Stillman, Tyler F.; Baumeister, Roy F.; Vohs, Kathleen D.; Lambert, Nathaniel M.; Fincham, Frank D.; Brewer, Lauren E. (2010) “Personal Philosophy and Personnel Achievement: Belief in Free Will Predicts Better Job Performance”, Social Psychological and Personality Science, Vol 1, Issue 1, 2010. DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550609351600.
- Lester, Stuart; Russell, Wendy (2010) “Children’s Right to Play: An Examination of the Importance of Play in the Lives of Children Worldwide”, Bernard Van Leer Foundation (Netherlands), ERIC Institute of Education Sciences, Working Papers in Early Childhood Development, No. 57, ISBN: ISBN-978-9-0619-5121-6. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED522537. PDF: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED522537.pdf.
- McCraty, Rollin; Atkinson, Mike; Tomasino, Dana; Goelitz, Jeff; Mayrovitz, Harvey N. (1999) “The impact of an emotional self-management skills course on psychosocial functioning and autonomic recovery to stress in middle school children”, Integrative Physiological and Behavioural Science, Volume 34, pages 246-268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02688693.
- Nowicki, S., & Strickland, B. R. (1973). “A locus of control scale for children”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40(1), 148–154. DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033978.
- Pickering, John; Crane, Margaret (2015) “Five things every guilty parent needs to know”, https://theconversation.com/five-things-every-guilty-parent-needs-to-know-45164.
- Raihani, Nichola (2021) “What can ants and meerkats teach us about parenting?”. BBC, 22nd November 2021. URL: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211102-stressed-by-parenting-evolution-explains-why.
- Rotter, Julian B. (1966). “Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement”. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1), 1–28. DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0092976.
- Rotter, Julian B. (1990) “Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A case history of a variable” American Psychologist, 45(4), 489–493. DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.4.489.
- Stillman, Tyler F.; Baumeister, Roy F.; Vohs, Kathleen D.; Lambert, Nathaniel M.; Fincham, Frank D.; Brewer, Lauren E. (2010) “Personal Philosophy and Personnel Achievement: Belief in Free Will Predicts Better Job Performance”, Social Psychological and Personality Science, Vol 1, Issue 1, 2010. DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550609351600.
Some Extra Notes
- If you’d like to compare your parenting in relation to education support to parents in other countries, the Varkey Foundation has done a very interesting study on the topic. See: the “Global Parenting Survey” (2017), https://www.varkeyfoundation.org/what-we-do/research/global-parents-survey/.
- Stanford Marshmallow Experiment;
- The most famous, and most revealing, experiment of delayed gratification is the Stanford Marshmallow experiment. This experiment tested how long children could avoid giving in to temptation, and used that to predict lifetime outcomes – with a high degree of success. Although the details of the experiment have been more recently drawn into question, the criticality of delayed gratification at an early age remains solid.
Keep in mind that this test was done on five-year-old children. It tests the tacit skills a child has learnt in their earliest years, because that’s when the real impact happens. Keep in mind, also, that the test is not 100% predictive, and other factors can affect a person’s levels of delayed gratification.
- Wikipedia article – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_marshmallow_experiment,
- A video description of the experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rwxf1BTyKz4.
- A video of kids in the experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yo4WF3cSd9Q.
- Raihani, Nichola (2021) “What can ants and meerkats teach us about parenting?”. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211102-stressed-by-parenting-evolution-explains-why. Viewed 22nd November 2021.
- Nichola Raihani, “Stressed by parenting? Evolution can explain why”. BBC, 22 Nov 2021. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211102-stressed-by-parenting-evolution-explains-why.
- A note on the effort of parenting
Being a parent is hard. Being a good parent is incredibly hard. Being a bad parent is comparatively easy.
If a parent doesn’t want to put the effort in, and their measure of success for their parenting is that their child doesn’t spend too long in prison when they grow up, then they don’t need to worry about any of this. They can just say it was all genetics and the school’s fault, and they, as the parent, can abdicate all responsibility for their child’s personality and life path.
For those willing to put intellectual effort into raising their children well, the information contained here provides a guide for some important things to aim for. It provides a starting point for working out how to develop a well-rounded child who becomes a happy and successful adult.